Pinkishe Foundation
24/9/2026
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In today’s world, women’s health is a topic that’s becoming more openly discussed, and rightfully so! One common issue affecting millions of women globally is PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) and PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease). But despite how common these conditions are, there’s still a lot of confusion surrounding them.
If you've ever asked, "What is PCOD?" or "What is PCOS?", you’re not alone! In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore what PCOS and PCOD really are, what causes them, how the two names are used, and what you can do to manage these conditions. Whether you're newly diagnosed or just curious, this guide will cover every aspect—from symptoms and causes to treatments and lifestyle changes—to help you take control of your health.
PCOS is a common hormonal and metabolic condition that affects women of reproductive age. It usually involves some combination of irregular or absent ovulation (which shows up as irregular or missed periods), higher levels of androgens (sometimes called male hormones), and ovaries that look "polycystic" on an ultrasound. Not everyone has all three. These hormonal changes can lead to a wide range of symptoms that affect both your physical and emotional well-being.
Despite the name, the small "cysts" seen on the ovaries are usually follicles, tiny sacs in which eggs develop, that have not matured and released an egg. They are not harmful cysts, and you do not need to have them to be diagnosed with PCOS.
PCOD, or Polycystic Ovarian Disease, is a term you will hear very often in India. In practice, doctors and patients often use it for the same condition as PCOS. International medical guidelines use the name PCOS and do not describe PCOD as a separate, milder disease, so it is not safe to assume that a "PCOD" label means your condition is less serious.
Whatever name is used, the condition can affect more than the ovaries. It can have long-term effects on metabolic health, including blood sugar, weight and cholesterol, and on heart health. That is why regular check-ups matter.
PCOS and PCOD are often used interchangeably, and that causes a lot of confusion. Here is what current medical understanding says:
Many people with PCOS have insulin resistance, which affects how the body uses sugar and can make weight gain more likely and weight loss harder. This is one reason doctors look at overall health, and not only at the ovaries, when they assess PCOS.
The exact causes of polycystic ovaries aren’t fully understood, but several factors seem to contribute to these conditions. Here are some potential causes:
The main issue in both PCOS and PCOD is an imbalance of reproductive hormones. Women with these conditions tend to have higher levels of androgens (male hormones), which can interfere with the development and release of eggs during the menstrual cycle. This can lead to the formation of cystic ovaries.
If your mother, sister, or other female relatives have PCOS or PCOD, there’s a higher chance that you may develop it too. Research shows that genetics play a significant role in the development of these conditions.
Insulin resistance is one of the leading causes of PCOS. When the body becomes resistant to insulin, it produces more to compensate. High insulin levels stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens, contributing to bilateral polycystic ovaries and other symptoms like weight gain and acne.
Women with PCOS often have low-grade inflammation, which can prompt the ovaries to produce androgens. Chronic inflammation is linked to several health issues, including heart disease, another risk factor associated with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Diet and physical activity can also influence the development of PCOS or PCOD. A poor diet high in processed foods and a sedentary lifestyle can exacerbate insulin resistance, leading to more severe symptoms.
The symptoms of PCOS and PCOD can vary widely from one woman to another, but here are some of the most common signs:
One of the hallmark symptoms of PCOS is irregular menstrual cycles. Women with this condition may have fewer periods (oligomenorrhea) or stop menstruating altogether (amenorrhea). The lack of ovulation can make it difficult to conceive and cause other hormonal imbalances.
Many women with PCOS experience unexplained weight gain, particularly around the abdomen. This is often due to insulin resistance, which makes it harder for the body to regulate blood sugar and store fat efficiently.
Increased androgen levels can lead to hirsutism, a condition where women experience excess hair growth on areas like the face, chest, and back. This is one of the most frustrating symptoms for many women with PCOS.
The same hormonal imbalances that cause hirsutism can also lead to persistent acne and oily skin. This type of acne is often resistant to over-the-counter treatments and may require hormone therapy to resolve.
While women with PCOS may experience excess hair growth in some areas, they may also lose hair on their scalp, similar to male-pattern baldness. This happens because high levels of androgens shrink hair follicles, leading to hair thinning.
The hormonal imbalances and physical symptoms of PCOS can lead to mood swings, anxiety, and depression. Women with PCOS are at a higher risk of developing mental health issues due to the emotional and physical toll of the condition.
Some women with PCOS develop dark, velvety patches of skin, usually on the neck, groin, or underarms. This condition, known as acanthosis nigricans, is often associated with insulin resistance.
Diagnosing PCOS can be tricky because the symptoms vary widely and can mimic other conditions. Doctors usually diagnose PCOS when at least two of these three are present, after other causes such as thyroid problems or high prolactin have been ruled out: irregular or absent ovulation (often seen as irregular or missed periods), signs of higher androgens (such as acne or excess hair growth) or high androgen levels in a blood test, and polycystic-looking ovaries on an ultrasound. Your doctor will likely use a combination of the following methods:
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and perform a physical exam to check for signs like excess hair growth, acne, or darkened skin patches.
Blood tests are used to check hormone levels, including androgen and insulin levels, which are often elevated in women with PCOS. Other blood tests may be done to rule out conditions like thyroid disorders or prolactin imbalances that can cause similar symptoms.
An ultrasound may be used to look at the ovaries for many small follicles or increased ovarian size. However, many women with PCOS do not have polycystic-looking ovaries, and an ultrasound is not always needed if the other two signs are clearly present. In teenagers, doctors are especially careful with ultrasound findings, because ovaries often look polycystic in the first years after periods begin. So this test is just one piece of the diagnostic puzzle.
A pelvic exam may be performed to check for any abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
One of the most common concerns for women with PCOS is conception difficulties. Due to irregular or absent ovulation, conceiving can be more challenging. However, it’s important to know that many women with PCOS can still get pregnant, either naturally or with medical assistance.
Women with PCOS often don’t ovulate regularly, meaning they don’t release an egg during every menstrual cycle. This makes it harder to get pregnant without medical intervention. Additionally, the hormonal imbalances can affect the quality of the eggs, further complicating conception.
While PCOS itself isn’t life-threatening, it can lead to several long-term health risks if left unmanaged. These include:
Due to insulin resistance, women with PCOS are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Managing blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication is crucial to preventing this outcome.
Women with PCOS are more likely to have high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and other factors that increase the risk of heart disease. Maintaining a healthy weight and managing cholesterol and blood pressure levels can help reduce this risk.
Irregular or absent periods can lead to a buildup of the endometrium (the lining of the uterus), increasing the risk of endometrial cancer. Regular periods help shed this lining, so it's important to find treatments that regulate your cycle.
Obesity and hormonal imbalances can lead to sleep apnea, a condition where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. This can lead to poor sleep quality and increase the risk of other health issues like heart disease.
While there's no cure for PCOS or PCOD, a variety of treatments can help manage the symptoms. The right treatment for you will depend on your symptoms, whether you're trying to get pregnant, and your overall health.
The first line of treatment for most women with PCOS or PCOD is lifestyle modification. A combination of diet and exercise can help manage weight, improve insulin sensitivity, and regulate periods.
If lifestyle changes aren't enough, medications may be prescribed to help manage your symptoms:
In some cases, surgery may be recommended. One option is laparoscopic ovarian drilling, a procedure that destroys a small portion of the ovaries to lower androgen levels and stimulate ovulation. This is generally used as a last resort when other treatments have failed.
Many women look for natural remedies to manage their PCOS symptoms. While these remedies can complement traditional treatments, it's important to consult with your healthcare provider before trying them.
Since insulin resistance is a key factor in PCOS, your diet plays an important role in managing the condition. Here are some tips for a PCOS-friendly diet:
Exercise can help manage both PCOS and PCOD symptoms by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding in weight loss, and balancing hormones.
Living with PCOS can take a toll on your mental health. Many women with this condition experience anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem due to the physical symptoms and hormonal imbalances.
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A1: Yes, women with PCOS are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance. Managing blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication is crucial.
A2: PCOS does not directly cause cancer, but long gaps between periods can raise the risk of endometrial cancer (cancer of the womb lining). Treatment that helps you have regular periods, or that protects the lining, lowers this risk. Talk to your doctor if you often go three months or more without a period.
A3: Women with PCOS often experience irregular periods or missed periods altogether due to disrupted ovulation.
A4: Bilateral polycystic ovarian disease usually means that polycystic-looking ovaries, with many small follicles, were seen on both sides on an ultrasound. This is common in PCOS and does not by itself mean the condition is more severe. Your doctor will look at your symptoms and blood tests as a whole.
A5: There’s no cure for PCOS, but the symptoms can be managed with lifestyle changes, medication, and other treatments.
Living with PCOS or PCOD can be challenging, but with the right information and treatment plan, it’s entirely possible to manage the symptoms and lead a healthy, fulfilling life. Whether you’re focusing on lifestyle changes like diet and exercise or seeking medical treatments, the key is staying proactive and consistent.
This comprehensive guide aims to equip you with the knowledge you need to better understand what is PCOD, what is PCOS, and how to manage the symptoms effectively. If you’re dealing with polycystic ovaries, don’t hesitate to consult your healthcare provider for personalized advice and treatment options tailored to your needs.
Do you want to know more about how to support girls through their early periods and ensure they have access to the resources they need? Join Pinkishe Foundation's mission to spread awareness and improve menstrual health for young girls across India. Your support can make a huge difference!
Senior Consultant - Obstetrics & Gynaecology | Sarvodaya Hospital, Greater Noida West | Ex Professor & HOD of OBGY, RMRI, Bareilly | DNB, MRB Govt. Hospital, Kolkata | DGO, AMU - Gold Medal | MBBS, AMU | IVF & Reproductive Medicine Fellowship - Keil University Germany | Diploma in Cosmetic Gynaecology - ICCG | Padmashree Kamlabai Hospet Award FOGSI National | Mrs Shailaja N Pandit Woman Empowerment | Award SN Malhotra award in AICOG
Just ₹500 gives one girl a full year of menstrual protection. Tax-deductible under Section 80G.
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